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1 equipment
1) оборудование; оснащение; аппаратура, аппаратные средства; арматура2) армировка ( шахтного ствола)3) ж.-д. подвижной состав4) снаряжение•to abuse an equipment — неквалифицированно обращаться с оборудованием-
turn-key pattern equipment
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accessory starting equipment
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aerial equipment
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aeronautical equipment
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aerospace ground equipment
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agglomeration equipment
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air brake equipment
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airborne direction finding equipment
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airborne electronics equipment
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airborne equipment
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airborne identification equipment
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airborne weather equipment
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air-cleaning equipment
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air-conditioning equipment
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aircraft equipment
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aircraft recorder equipment
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air-handling equipment
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air-insulated equipment
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air-processing equipment
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airslide equipment
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air-survey equipment
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alignment equipment
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analog equipment
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ancillary equipment
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answering equipment
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area navigation equipment
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associated-gas handling equipment
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atmospheric heat-transfer equipment
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audio equipment
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automatic control equipment
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automatic insertion equipment
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automatic stabilization equipment
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automatic test equipment
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auxiliary equipment
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backup equipment
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ballasting equipment
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batch-preparation equipment
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bathroom-and-lavatory equipment
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blasting equipment
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blind flight equipment
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block equipment
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bookbinding equipment
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brake equipment
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bread-making equipment
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bridling equipment
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broadcasting equipment
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broadcast equipment
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brown stock washing equipment
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built-in equipment
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built-in test equipment
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cable logging equipment
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cab-signaling equipment
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calling equipment
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camp equipment
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can-making equipment
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canning equipment
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caption-producing equipment
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carburetor heat equipment
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cast molding equipment
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catering equipment
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centrifugal air-conditioning equipment
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charging equipment
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check-out equipment
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chemically-proof electrical equipment
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chilling equipment
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CMC equipment
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coal-handling equipment
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cockpit equipment
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coding equipment
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coil-handling equipment
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coil-in-box equipment
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coke-side equipment
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cold-draw equipment
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collision warning equipment
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commercial equipment
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commercial refrigeration equipment
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common equipment
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communication security equipment
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communications equipment
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communication equipment
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commuter equipment
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comparison equipment
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component-insertion equipment
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composing equipment
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compound equipment
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compression refrigeration equipment
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compressor equipment
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computer equipment
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conning equipment
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construction equipment
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continuous fusing equipment
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control equipment
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cooking equipment
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copying equipment
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cord latex equipment
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crane electrical equipment
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crushing equipment
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current collection equipment
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customer premises equipment
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data acquisition equipment
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data terminal equipment
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data transmission equipment
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data-circuit terminating equipment
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data-processing equipment
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dead-reckoning equipment
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deairing equipment
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deck equipment
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depositing equipment
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detonating equipment
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digital equipment
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digital multiplex equipment
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digital still-stare equipment
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digital video equipment
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display equipment
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distance measuring equipment
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distillation equipment
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ditching equipment
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domestic refrigeration equipment
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doping equipment
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downhole equipment
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downstream equipment
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drill stem equipment
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drilling equipment
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drilling mud handling equipment
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drilling mud mixing equipment
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drip-proof electrical equipment
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dry-quenching equipment
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dual laterolog equipment
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dusting equipment
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dustproof electrical equipment
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dust-tight electrical equipment
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earth-moving equipment
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edge-strip scanning equipment
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editing equipment
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electric face equipment
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electrical equipment
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electrodialysis membrane equipment
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electroheat equipment
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electromagnetic exploration equipment
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electronic countermeasures equipment
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electronic equipment
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emergency breathing equipment
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emission-control equipment
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engine-testing equipment
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environmental simulation equipment
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error-control equipment
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evacuating equipment
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excavating equipment
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explosionproof electrical equipment
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face equipment
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facsimile equipment
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farm equipment
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field equipment
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field-production equipment
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film equipment
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film-scanning equipment
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finishing equipment
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fire-extinguishing equipment
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firing equipment
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fishing equipment
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fixed equipment
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flame-hardening equipment
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flameproof electrical equipment
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flow head equipment
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formation density equipment
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fracturing head equipment
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fuel-injection equipment
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gas conditioning equipment
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gas processing equipment
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general-purpose equipment
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glider launch equipment
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glider tow equipment
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government furnished equipment
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grading equipment
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graphic arts equipment
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grinding-mixing equipment
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ground-based electrical equipment
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ground electrical equipment
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harvesting equipment
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hauling equipment
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heat-exchange equipment
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heat-transfer equipment
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heavy-duty equipment
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higher-horsepower equipment
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high-maintenance equipment
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high-performance equipment
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high-pressure spray equipment
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high-temperature head equipment
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high-voltage equipment
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hoisting equipment
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home video equipment
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horizontal-loop equipment
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household equipment
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humidity test equipment
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hydraulic equipment
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hygiene equipment
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indoor electrical equipment
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induced-polarization equipment
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induced-polarization logging equipment
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induction hardening equipment
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induction log equipment
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inductive heating equipment
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industrial equipment
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industrial-television equipment
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inertial navigational equipment
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ingot-forming equipment
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in-line equipment
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insertion equipment
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inspection equipment
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instrument-landing equipment
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integral test equipment
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intercity equipment
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intercooling equipment
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interlocking equipment
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isophasing equipment
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landing equipment
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laser illumination tracking equipment
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life saving equipment
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lighting equipment
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linear matting equipment
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loading equipment
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logging equipment
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log-processing equipment
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low-maintenance equipment
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lumber-drying equipment
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lumberman's equipment
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machine-computer interfacing equipment
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magnetic-tape equipment
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magnetotelluric equipment
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maintenance equipment
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makeup equipment
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manual test equipment
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marine equipment
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marine refrigeration equipment
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materials handling equipment
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MDI equipment
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measuring equipment
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mechanical refrigerating equipment
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metering equipment
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microfilm duplicating equipment
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milling equipment
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mine electrical equipment
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mineral processing equipment
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mine-rescue equipment
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mining equipment
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mixing equipment
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mobile equipment
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monitoring equipment
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monophonic equipment
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multidimension gaging equipment
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multiplex equipment
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navigation equipment
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NC equipment
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night vision equipment
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night-flying equipment
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nozzle-stopper equipment
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office equipment
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off-line equipment
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oil field equipment
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oil-dispensing equipment
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on-line equipment
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open-type electrical equipment
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optional equipment
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ore-handling equipment
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outdoor electrical equipment
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outside broadcasting equipment
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overhead equipment
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paper converting equipment
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parts handling equipment
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pass-through stretch wrapping equipment
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payoff equipment
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perforating equipment
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peripheral equipment
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permanent way equipment
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phototypesetting equipment
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photovoltaic equipment
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Piggyback equipment
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platemaking equipment
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pneumatic equipment
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portable electrical equipment
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portable equipment
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power equipment
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power-conditioning equipment
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powerhouse permanent equipment
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printing equipment
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process control equipment
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processing equipment
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production equipment
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production run equipment
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projection equipment
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protected equipment
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protection equipment
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public address equipment
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pusher-side equipment
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quenching equipment
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radar equipment
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radio communication equipment
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radio equipment
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radio receiving equipment
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radio transmitting equipment
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radioactivity well logging equipment
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rail brake equipment
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railway equipment
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ranging equipment
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readout equipment
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reciprocating air-conditioning equipment
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reciprocating compression equipment
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reference measuring equipment
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reflection equipment
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refraction equipment
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refrigerating equipment
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remote control equipment
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residue recovery equipment
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resistivity logging equipment
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rigging equipment
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round-trip equipment
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running equipment
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sawmill equipment
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scrap-handling equipment
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scrap-processing equipment
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scrap-reclaiming equipment
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sealed electrical equipment
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security equipment
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seismic exploration equipment
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self-contained equipment
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self-potential equipment
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service equipment
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setting equipment
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shear knife changing equipment
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shipboard equipment
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shooting equipment
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sign towing equipment
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signal-conversion equipment
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simple equipment
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sinking equipment
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slaughtering equipment
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slicing equipment
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slide equipment
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small commercial refrigeration equipment
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smoking equipment
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snow handling equipment
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solids control equipment
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sonic equipment
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sound equipment
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spark-erosion equipment
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special-effects equipment
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special-purpose equipment
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splashproof equipment
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spray equipment
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stand-alone equipment
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standard equipment
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standardization equipment
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standby equipment
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stationary equipment
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stereophonic equipment
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stereo equipment
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stoplog handling equipment
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stripping equipment
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strip-storage equipment
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studio-production equipment
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studio equipment
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stump-pulling equipment
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stump-to-roadside equipment
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submersible electrical equipment
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subtitling equipment
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supervisory equipment
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surface equipment
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surface hardening equipment
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surface measuring equipment
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survival equipment
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switching equipment
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talk-back equipment
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telecine equipment
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television automatic-monitoring equipment
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television equipment
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television field equipment
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television relay equipment
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television studio equipment
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television-broadcasting equipment
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television-film equipment
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tensioning equipment
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terminal equipment
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testing equipment
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test equipment
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timing equipment
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totally enclosed electrical equipment
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tower equipment
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track circuit equipment
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trackside equipment
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track equipment
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tracking equipment
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traction electrical equipment
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train-stop equipment
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transient electromagnetic equipment
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tunneling equipment
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turning gaging equipment
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turnout equipment
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underground equipment
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underwater equipment
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underwater TV equipment
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user equipment
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vacuum coating equipment
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vacuum-casting equipment
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vacuum-distillation equipment
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vacuum-treating equipment
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vehicular equipment
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ventilating equipment
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video equipment
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video tape editing equipment
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warp knitting equipment
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water treating equipment
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waterproof electrical equipment
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welding equipment
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wellhead equipment
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well-logging equipment
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wheel alignment equipment
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woodworking equipment -
2 AEC
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Atomic Energy Commission, Atlantic and East Carolina Railway Company ( сокр.) (наименование американской железнодорожной компании)2) Военный термин: Area Equipment Compound, Army Education Center, Army Educational Corps, Army Establishment Committee, Army Establishment Committee AEB, Airborne and Electronics Board, Army extension courses, Aviation Engineer Command, aerial embarkation center, aerial exploitation company, analog electronic computer, area equipment compounds3) Техника: Alternative Energy Coalition, Army electronics command, Autocorrelation Functions, arithmetic element controller, automatic exciter control, automatic exposure control, average electrode current, adaptive echo canceller (адаптивный эхокомпенсатор), (Architecture Engineering Construction) архитектура, инженерные системы, строительство4) Сельское хозяйство: anion exchange capacity5) Религия: Antilles Episcopal Conference6) Железнодорожный термин: Atlantic and East Carolina Railway Company7) Сокращение: ASARS Exploitation Cell, American Engineering Council, Army Environmental Center (USA), Associated Equipment Company, Atomic Energy Commission (USA), Automated Element Correction (address correction subsystem 2003), Aviation Electronic Combat, Европейская ассоциация по керамике (франц.яз.), АЭС (Африканское экономическое сообщество)8) Фото: automatic exposure control( сокр.) (1. автоматическая установка экспозиции 2. автоматическое экспонометрическое устройство)9) Вычислительная техника: Atomic Energy Commission, architectural or engineering construction, architecture, engineering and construction, Advanced Error Correction (CD), авторизованный учебный центр10) Нефть: Африканское экономическое сообщество11) Биохимия: Aminoethyl Cellulose, Aminoethyl-Cysteine12) Фирменный знак: Architects Engineers Contractors13) Экология: area of environmental concern14) Образование: Authorized Education Centre15) Сетевые технологии: Authorized Education Center, automatic error correction, автоматическое исправление ошибок16) Полимеры: Atomic Energy Corporation17) Автоматика: automatic editing control18) Ядерная физика: Atomic Energy Commission (US)19) Медицинская техника: American Endosonography Club20) Химическое оружие: Ammunition Equipment Directorate, Army Environmental Center21) Военно-морской флот: Chief Aviation Electrician's Mate (сокр.) (главный старшина — авиационный электрик)22) Расширение файла: Architecture, Engineering, Construction23) Электротехника: automatic excitation control24) NYSE. Associated Estates Realty Corporation -
3 ACE
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme, Automated commercial environment2) Компьютерная техника: Artificial Compound Entity, area control error, automatic crossconnection equipment3) Биология: adrenal cortical extract4) Авиация: Airborne Command Element (AWACS/ABCCC)5) Медицина: (i) angiotensin-converting enzyme (inhibitor) (ингибитор ангиотензинпревращающего фермента), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ангиотензинпревращающий фермент), External Carotid Artery6) Спорт: Adventure Camaraderie Entertainment, Annual Catch Entitlement, Athlete Career And Education7) Военный термин: ASAS( All- Source Analysis System) Collateral Enclave, Advance Communications Element, Aerobatic Competency Evaluator, Airborne Command Element, Airborne Communications Electronics, Analysis and Control Element, Armored Combat Earth-mover, Armored Combat Excavator, Army Certificate of Education, Army Combat Earth-mover, Army Corps of Engineers, Army combat engineers, Assistant Chief of Engineers, Assistant Corps of Engineers, Aviation Career Education, Aviation Combat Element, Aviation Council Emeritus, advanced compilation equipment, advanced controlled experiments, advanced cost effective, air combat engagement, aircraft capability estimator, aircraft condition evaluation, airspace control element, ambush communications equipment, armored combat earthmover, armored combat engineer, artillery control experiment, assessment of combat effectiveness, atmospheric control experimentation, automatic clutter elimination, automatic computing equipment, automatic control equipment, Airspace Coordination Element (сокр.) (подразделение по координации использования воздушного пространства)8) Техника: Advanced computer environment, Association of Computer Experts, accelerated, acceleration, advanced capability explorer, advanced computing element, altitude control electronics, analytic computer equipment, anesthetic mixture of alcohol, chloroform and ether, attitude control electronics, automatic circuit exchange9) Сельское хозяйство: anaesthetic mixture of alcohol, chloroform and ether10) Химия: Acetate11) Строительство: Approved Capital Expenditure12) Религия: Alliance For Catholic Education13) Юридический термин: Action Community Empowerment, Advanced Court Engineering14) Бухгалтерия: A Checking Experience, Accumulated Cash Equivalence, Adjusted Current Earnings15) Архитектура: (Association of Consulting Engineers) ассоциация инженеров-консультантов (Великобритании)16) Испанский язык: Аргентинская академия экономических наук (сокр. от Academia de Ciencias Económicas = Argentine Academy of Economics)17) Политика: Alliance for Credible Elections (обычно оставляют английскую аббревиатуру при перевода - даже на официальном сайте организации)18) Сокращение: Achinese, Actuator Control Electronics, Advanced Computing Environment (2003 IT upgrade including Microsoft Outlook email), Advanced Computing Environments, After Christian Era, Agile Control Experiment, Air Combat Element (USAF), Air Combat Element, Air Combat-manoeuvres Evaluation, All Composite Evaluator, Allied Command Europe (NATO), Allied Command, Europe, Altimeter Control Equipment, American Council on Education, Analogue Code Encryption unit, Analysis & Control Element, Armored Combat Earthmover (USA), Arrow Continuation Experiment (Israel), Assistant Chief Engineer, Automatic Calibration and Equalization, Automatic Compilation Equipment, Automatic Computing Engine, Avion de Combat Europeen, Adaptive Communication Environment, angiotension-converting enzyme, American Cinema Editors («Американские редакторы — монтажёры кинофильмов » (почётное общество)), Association of Cost Engineers (Ассоциация инженеров по экономической эффективности (Великобритания)), automatic computing engine (автоматическая счётная машина), automated cable expertise (автоматическое диагностирование кабельных линий), Advanced Compatibility Engineering (автомоб.), Adverse Channel Enhancements, Adaptive Color and Contrast Enhancement19) Университет: Academic And Career Excellence, Academic Center For Excellence, Academic Character Excellence, Academic Community For Enrichment, Academic Competition Of Excellence, Academic Core Enrichment, Accelerated College Enrollment, Achievement Centred Environment, Achieving A College Education, Association Of Collegiate Entrepreneurs20) Физиология: Antegrade Continence Enema21) Электроника: Advanced Combination Encoder, Automatic Control Environment, aging compensating effect ( сокр.) (компенсирующее действие старения 2. компенсация старения), advanced customized ECL (сокр.) (усовершенствованная специализированная логическая схема с эмиттерными связями)22) Вычислительная техника: Advanced Collaborative Filtering, Advanced Computing Environment, Associated Computer Experts, Asynchronous Communication Element, advanced computational element, asynchronous communications element, аппаратура управления доступом, записи контроля доступа (Access Control Entries), Access Control Entry (AD), ASCII Compatible Encoding (ASCII, Internet, DOMAIN), Advanced Computing Environments (Corporate name), Advanced Computing Environment (Hersteller), Advanced Composition Explorer (Space), Autonomous Computer Engine (WD), запись (точка входа в список) управления доступом, access control entry, шифрование управления доступом23) Иммунология: Arthritis Control Electrostimulator24) Связь: Auxiliary Control Element25) Космонавтика: Advanced Composition Explorer, автоматическое оборудование проверки26) Транспорт: Active Cornering Enhancement, Air Cleaning Engine, Airport Capacity Enhancement27) Воздухоплавание: Airspace Coordination Element, Automatic Clutter Eliminator28) Фирменный знак: Air Canada Enterprises, Alice Calhoun Enterprises, American Coal Enterprizes, American Computer Estimating, Austin Chess Enterprises, Austria Cards Emv29) Экология: Antarctic current experiment30) Энергетика: ошибка в пределах данной области регулирования31) СМИ: American Cinema Editors, American Classic Edition, Assistant Community Editor, Awards For Cablecasting Excellence32) Деловая лексика: Accepting The Challenge Of Excellence, Access Competition And Etiquette, Access To Career Enrichment, Achieving Customer Excellence33) Производство: Achieving Competitive Excellence, достижение конкурентного совершенства (система непрерывного совершенствования производства, принятая ам. компанией Pratt & Whitney)34) Менеджмент: actual control estimate35) Образование: Academically Committed Environment, Academics Citizenship And Effort, Accelerated Cooperative Education, Achievement Credentials And Evaluation, Achieving And Choosing Excellence, Adult And Community Education, Advanced Continuous Education, Affordable Community Education, Aids Counseling And Education, Aids Counseling Education, Appreciation Certification And Education, Assistance Counseling And Encouragement, Attend Class Everyday, Aviation Career Exploration, Aviation Careers Education36) Сетевые технологии: Access Collaboration Equity, Address Correction And Encoding, access control encryption, access control equipment37) Полимеры: acceptance checkout equipment, automatic checkout equipment38) Программирование: Ascii Compatible Encoding39) Контроль качества: acceptance check-out equipment40) Океанография: Aerosol Characterization Experiment, Atmospheric Collection Equipment41) Химическое оружие: acetylcholinesterase42) Авиационная медицина: accident cause elimination43) Безопасность: Advanced Combination Encoders44) Расширение файла: Access Control Encryption/Entry, Adverse Channel Enhancements (Microcom), Advanced Computing Environment (SCO)45) МИД: Allied Command Europe NATO46) Электротехника: automatic control engineering47) Космический летательный аппарат: advanced capability explorer( сокр.) (исследовательский КА с усовершенствованными характеристиками)48) Майкрософт: элемент управления доступом49) Должность: Adobe Certified Expert, Amx Certified Expert, Associate Career Enhancement, Available Consultants And Executives50) Чат: A Cool Experience51) НАСА: Apollo Checkout Equipment52) Программное обеспечение: The Adobe Color Engine -
4 Ace
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme, Automated commercial environment2) Компьютерная техника: Artificial Compound Entity, area control error, automatic crossconnection equipment3) Биология: adrenal cortical extract4) Авиация: Airborne Command Element (AWACS/ABCCC)5) Медицина: (i) angiotensin-converting enzyme (inhibitor) (ингибитор ангиотензинпревращающего фермента), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ангиотензинпревращающий фермент), External Carotid Artery6) Спорт: Adventure Camaraderie Entertainment, Annual Catch Entitlement, Athlete Career And Education7) Военный термин: ASAS( All- Source Analysis System) Collateral Enclave, Advance Communications Element, Aerobatic Competency Evaluator, Airborne Command Element, Airborne Communications Electronics, Analysis and Control Element, Armored Combat Earth-mover, Armored Combat Excavator, Army Certificate of Education, Army Combat Earth-mover, Army Corps of Engineers, Army combat engineers, Assistant Chief of Engineers, Assistant Corps of Engineers, Aviation Career Education, Aviation Combat Element, Aviation Council Emeritus, advanced compilation equipment, advanced controlled experiments, advanced cost effective, air combat engagement, aircraft capability estimator, aircraft condition evaluation, airspace control element, ambush communications equipment, armored combat earthmover, armored combat engineer, artillery control experiment, assessment of combat effectiveness, atmospheric control experimentation, automatic clutter elimination, automatic computing equipment, automatic control equipment, Airspace Coordination Element (сокр.) (подразделение по координации использования воздушного пространства)8) Техника: Advanced computer environment, Association of Computer Experts, accelerated, acceleration, advanced capability explorer, advanced computing element, altitude control electronics, analytic computer equipment, anesthetic mixture of alcohol, chloroform and ether, attitude control electronics, automatic circuit exchange9) Сельское хозяйство: anaesthetic mixture of alcohol, chloroform and ether10) Химия: Acetate11) Строительство: Approved Capital Expenditure12) Религия: Alliance For Catholic Education13) Юридический термин: Action Community Empowerment, Advanced Court Engineering14) Бухгалтерия: A Checking Experience, Accumulated Cash Equivalence, Adjusted Current Earnings15) Архитектура: (Association of Consulting Engineers) ассоциация инженеров-консультантов (Великобритании)16) Испанский язык: Аргентинская академия экономических наук (сокр. от Academia de Ciencias Económicas = Argentine Academy of Economics)17) Политика: Alliance for Credible Elections (обычно оставляют английскую аббревиатуру при перевода - даже на официальном сайте организации)18) Сокращение: Achinese, Actuator Control Electronics, Advanced Computing Environment (2003 IT upgrade including Microsoft Outlook email), Advanced Computing Environments, After Christian Era, Agile Control Experiment, Air Combat Element (USAF), Air Combat Element, Air Combat-manoeuvres Evaluation, All Composite Evaluator, Allied Command Europe (NATO), Allied Command, Europe, Altimeter Control Equipment, American Council on Education, Analogue Code Encryption unit, Analysis & Control Element, Armored Combat Earthmover (USA), Arrow Continuation Experiment (Israel), Assistant Chief Engineer, Automatic Calibration and Equalization, Automatic Compilation Equipment, Automatic Computing Engine, Avion de Combat Europeen, Adaptive Communication Environment, angiotension-converting enzyme, American Cinema Editors («Американские редакторы — монтажёры кинофильмов » (почётное общество)), Association of Cost Engineers (Ассоциация инженеров по экономической эффективности (Великобритания)), automatic computing engine (автоматическая счётная машина), automated cable expertise (автоматическое диагностирование кабельных линий), Advanced Compatibility Engineering (автомоб.), Adverse Channel Enhancements, Adaptive Color and Contrast Enhancement19) Университет: Academic And Career Excellence, Academic Center For Excellence, Academic Character Excellence, Academic Community For Enrichment, Academic Competition Of Excellence, Academic Core Enrichment, Accelerated College Enrollment, Achievement Centred Environment, Achieving A College Education, Association Of Collegiate Entrepreneurs20) Физиология: Antegrade Continence Enema21) Электроника: Advanced Combination Encoder, Automatic Control Environment, aging compensating effect ( сокр.) (компенсирующее действие старения 2. компенсация старения), advanced customized ECL (сокр.) (усовершенствованная специализированная логическая схема с эмиттерными связями)22) Вычислительная техника: Advanced Collaborative Filtering, Advanced Computing Environment, Associated Computer Experts, Asynchronous Communication Element, advanced computational element, asynchronous communications element, аппаратура управления доступом, записи контроля доступа (Access Control Entries), Access Control Entry (AD), ASCII Compatible Encoding (ASCII, Internet, DOMAIN), Advanced Computing Environments (Corporate name), Advanced Computing Environment (Hersteller), Advanced Composition Explorer (Space), Autonomous Computer Engine (WD), запись (точка входа в список) управления доступом, access control entry, шифрование управления доступом23) Иммунология: Arthritis Control Electrostimulator24) Связь: Auxiliary Control Element25) Космонавтика: Advanced Composition Explorer, автоматическое оборудование проверки26) Транспорт: Active Cornering Enhancement, Air Cleaning Engine, Airport Capacity Enhancement27) Воздухоплавание: Airspace Coordination Element, Automatic Clutter Eliminator28) Фирменный знак: Air Canada Enterprises, Alice Calhoun Enterprises, American Coal Enterprizes, American Computer Estimating, Austin Chess Enterprises, Austria Cards Emv29) Экология: Antarctic current experiment30) Энергетика: ошибка в пределах данной области регулирования31) СМИ: American Cinema Editors, American Classic Edition, Assistant Community Editor, Awards For Cablecasting Excellence32) Деловая лексика: Accepting The Challenge Of Excellence, Access Competition And Etiquette, Access To Career Enrichment, Achieving Customer Excellence33) Производство: Achieving Competitive Excellence, достижение конкурентного совершенства (система непрерывного совершенствования производства, принятая ам. компанией Pratt & Whitney)34) Менеджмент: actual control estimate35) Образование: Academically Committed Environment, Academics Citizenship And Effort, Accelerated Cooperative Education, Achievement Credentials And Evaluation, Achieving And Choosing Excellence, Adult And Community Education, Advanced Continuous Education, Affordable Community Education, Aids Counseling And Education, Aids Counseling Education, Appreciation Certification And Education, Assistance Counseling And Encouragement, Attend Class Everyday, Aviation Career Exploration, Aviation Careers Education36) Сетевые технологии: Access Collaboration Equity, Address Correction And Encoding, access control encryption, access control equipment37) Полимеры: acceptance checkout equipment, automatic checkout equipment38) Программирование: Ascii Compatible Encoding39) Контроль качества: acceptance check-out equipment40) Океанография: Aerosol Characterization Experiment, Atmospheric Collection Equipment41) Химическое оружие: acetylcholinesterase42) Авиационная медицина: accident cause elimination43) Безопасность: Advanced Combination Encoders44) Расширение файла: Access Control Encryption/Entry, Adverse Channel Enhancements (Microcom), Advanced Computing Environment (SCO)45) МИД: Allied Command Europe NATO46) Электротехника: automatic control engineering47) Космический летательный аппарат: advanced capability explorer( сокр.) (исследовательский КА с усовершенствованными характеристиками)48) Майкрософт: элемент управления доступом49) Должность: Adobe Certified Expert, Amx Certified Expert, Associate Career Enhancement, Available Consultants And Executives50) Чат: A Cool Experience51) НАСА: Apollo Checkout Equipment52) Программное обеспечение: The Adobe Color Engine -
5 ace
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme, Automated commercial environment2) Компьютерная техника: Artificial Compound Entity, area control error, automatic crossconnection equipment3) Биология: adrenal cortical extract4) Авиация: Airborne Command Element (AWACS/ABCCC)5) Медицина: (i) angiotensin-converting enzyme (inhibitor) (ингибитор ангиотензинпревращающего фермента), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ангиотензинпревращающий фермент), External Carotid Artery6) Спорт: Adventure Camaraderie Entertainment, Annual Catch Entitlement, Athlete Career And Education7) Военный термин: ASAS( All- Source Analysis System) Collateral Enclave, Advance Communications Element, Aerobatic Competency Evaluator, Airborne Command Element, Airborne Communications Electronics, Analysis and Control Element, Armored Combat Earth-mover, Armored Combat Excavator, Army Certificate of Education, Army Combat Earth-mover, Army Corps of Engineers, Army combat engineers, Assistant Chief of Engineers, Assistant Corps of Engineers, Aviation Career Education, Aviation Combat Element, Aviation Council Emeritus, advanced compilation equipment, advanced controlled experiments, advanced cost effective, air combat engagement, aircraft capability estimator, aircraft condition evaluation, airspace control element, ambush communications equipment, armored combat earthmover, armored combat engineer, artillery control experiment, assessment of combat effectiveness, atmospheric control experimentation, automatic clutter elimination, automatic computing equipment, automatic control equipment, Airspace Coordination Element (сокр.) (подразделение по координации использования воздушного пространства)8) Техника: Advanced computer environment, Association of Computer Experts, accelerated, acceleration, advanced capability explorer, advanced computing element, altitude control electronics, analytic computer equipment, anesthetic mixture of alcohol, chloroform and ether, attitude control electronics, automatic circuit exchange9) Сельское хозяйство: anaesthetic mixture of alcohol, chloroform and ether10) Химия: Acetate11) Строительство: Approved Capital Expenditure12) Религия: Alliance For Catholic Education13) Юридический термин: Action Community Empowerment, Advanced Court Engineering14) Бухгалтерия: A Checking Experience, Accumulated Cash Equivalence, Adjusted Current Earnings15) Архитектура: (Association of Consulting Engineers) ассоциация инженеров-консультантов (Великобритании)16) Испанский язык: Аргентинская академия экономических наук (сокр. от Academia de Ciencias Económicas = Argentine Academy of Economics)17) Политика: Alliance for Credible Elections (обычно оставляют английскую аббревиатуру при перевода - даже на официальном сайте организации)18) Сокращение: Achinese, Actuator Control Electronics, Advanced Computing Environment (2003 IT upgrade including Microsoft Outlook email), Advanced Computing Environments, After Christian Era, Agile Control Experiment, Air Combat Element (USAF), Air Combat Element, Air Combat-manoeuvres Evaluation, All Composite Evaluator, Allied Command Europe (NATO), Allied Command, Europe, Altimeter Control Equipment, American Council on Education, Analogue Code Encryption unit, Analysis & Control Element, Armored Combat Earthmover (USA), Arrow Continuation Experiment (Israel), Assistant Chief Engineer, Automatic Calibration and Equalization, Automatic Compilation Equipment, Automatic Computing Engine, Avion de Combat Europeen, Adaptive Communication Environment, angiotension-converting enzyme, American Cinema Editors («Американские редакторы — монтажёры кинофильмов » (почётное общество)), Association of Cost Engineers (Ассоциация инженеров по экономической эффективности (Великобритания)), automatic computing engine (автоматическая счётная машина), automated cable expertise (автоматическое диагностирование кабельных линий), Advanced Compatibility Engineering (автомоб.), Adverse Channel Enhancements, Adaptive Color and Contrast Enhancement19) Университет: Academic And Career Excellence, Academic Center For Excellence, Academic Character Excellence, Academic Community For Enrichment, Academic Competition Of Excellence, Academic Core Enrichment, Accelerated College Enrollment, Achievement Centred Environment, Achieving A College Education, Association Of Collegiate Entrepreneurs20) Физиология: Antegrade Continence Enema21) Электроника: Advanced Combination Encoder, Automatic Control Environment, aging compensating effect ( сокр.) (компенсирующее действие старения 2. компенсация старения), advanced customized ECL (сокр.) (усовершенствованная специализированная логическая схема с эмиттерными связями)22) Вычислительная техника: Advanced Collaborative Filtering, Advanced Computing Environment, Associated Computer Experts, Asynchronous Communication Element, advanced computational element, asynchronous communications element, аппаратура управления доступом, записи контроля доступа (Access Control Entries), Access Control Entry (AD), ASCII Compatible Encoding (ASCII, Internet, DOMAIN), Advanced Computing Environments (Corporate name), Advanced Computing Environment (Hersteller), Advanced Composition Explorer (Space), Autonomous Computer Engine (WD), запись (точка входа в список) управления доступом, access control entry, шифрование управления доступом23) Иммунология: Arthritis Control Electrostimulator24) Связь: Auxiliary Control Element25) Космонавтика: Advanced Composition Explorer, автоматическое оборудование проверки26) Транспорт: Active Cornering Enhancement, Air Cleaning Engine, Airport Capacity Enhancement27) Воздухоплавание: Airspace Coordination Element, Automatic Clutter Eliminator28) Фирменный знак: Air Canada Enterprises, Alice Calhoun Enterprises, American Coal Enterprizes, American Computer Estimating, Austin Chess Enterprises, Austria Cards Emv29) Экология: Antarctic current experiment30) Энергетика: ошибка в пределах данной области регулирования31) СМИ: American Cinema Editors, American Classic Edition, Assistant Community Editor, Awards For Cablecasting Excellence32) Деловая лексика: Accepting The Challenge Of Excellence, Access Competition And Etiquette, Access To Career Enrichment, Achieving Customer Excellence33) Производство: Achieving Competitive Excellence, достижение конкурентного совершенства (система непрерывного совершенствования производства, принятая ам. компанией Pratt & Whitney)34) Менеджмент: actual control estimate35) Образование: Academically Committed Environment, Academics Citizenship And Effort, Accelerated Cooperative Education, Achievement Credentials And Evaluation, Achieving And Choosing Excellence, Adult And Community Education, Advanced Continuous Education, Affordable Community Education, Aids Counseling And Education, Aids Counseling Education, Appreciation Certification And Education, Assistance Counseling And Encouragement, Attend Class Everyday, Aviation Career Exploration, Aviation Careers Education36) Сетевые технологии: Access Collaboration Equity, Address Correction And Encoding, access control encryption, access control equipment37) Полимеры: acceptance checkout equipment, automatic checkout equipment38) Программирование: Ascii Compatible Encoding39) Контроль качества: acceptance check-out equipment40) Океанография: Aerosol Characterization Experiment, Atmospheric Collection Equipment41) Химическое оружие: acetylcholinesterase42) Авиационная медицина: accident cause elimination43) Безопасность: Advanced Combination Encoders44) Расширение файла: Access Control Encryption/Entry, Adverse Channel Enhancements (Microcom), Advanced Computing Environment (SCO)45) МИД: Allied Command Europe NATO46) Электротехника: automatic control engineering47) Космический летательный аппарат: advanced capability explorer( сокр.) (исследовательский КА с усовершенствованными характеристиками)48) Майкрософт: элемент управления доступом49) Должность: Adobe Certified Expert, Amx Certified Expert, Associate Career Enhancement, Available Consultants And Executives50) Чат: A Cool Experience51) НАСА: Apollo Checkout Equipment52) Программное обеспечение: The Adobe Color Engine -
6 table
1. n стол, столикa table with leaves, drop leaf table — раздвижной стол
pedestal table, table on pillar and claw — круглый стол на одной ножке
2. n обеденный столwhere are your table manners? — как ты себя ведёшь за столом?!;
3. n стол переговоровto bring opposing sides to the conference table — усадить противников за стол переговоров, заставить противников начать переговоры
4. n операционный стол5. n тк. общество или компания за столом; застолье; сотрапезникиrevolving feed table — дозирующий стол; тарельчатый питатель
6. n тк. g7. n стол, пища, еда, кухняtable poultry — птица, откормленная для стола
bedside table — ночной столик, тумбочка
8. n трапеза, едаto be at table — сидеть за столом, есть
9. n столик для игр; доска для настольных игр10. n шахматный столик11. n игроки за столом12. n триктрак13. n доска14. n плита, дощечкаink table — раскатная плита, красочный стол
x-y table — стол с перемещениями по осям Х,Y
15. n надпись на плите, дощечке; скрижальthe ten tables, the tables of the law — десять заповедей
16. n таблицаtables of fire, range tables — таблицы стрельбы
logarithmic tables, log table — логарифмические таблицы
17. n табель18. n расписаниеmanning table — штаты, штатное расписание
19. n список; переченьtable of contents — оглавление, содержание
20. n плоская поверхность21. n плато, плоскогорье; плита22. n анат. пластинка23. n тех. планшайбаchuck/work table — планшайба с зажимными кулачками
24. n тех. рольганг25. n тех. стенд26. n тех. грань27. n тех. горн. концентрационный столposition/contouring table — стол с контурно-позиционным ЧПУ
28. n тех. архит. карниз29. n тех. церк. престол30. n тех. верхняя декаto lie on the table — быть отложенным, не обсуждаться
31. v класть, ставить на стол32. v бросать, выкладывать на стол33. v обеспечивать столом, обеспечивать едой34. v составлять таблицы, списки, расписание35. v редк. заносить в списки36. v предлагать обсудить, выносить или ставить на обсуждение37. v амер. откладывать или оттягивать обсуждение; класть, под сукно, откладывать в долгий ящикto table a bill — положить законопроект «в долгий ящик»
38. v укреплять парус широким рубцом39. v стр. соединять шипом40. v редк. развлекать гостейto do the honours of the table — быть хозяином за столом, угощать гостей; провозглашать тосты
Синонимический ряд:1. board (noun) bar; board; console; counter; desk; dining table; dinner table; mahogany; stand; table-board2. chart (noun) appendix; chart; graph; index; list; record; report; schedule; summary; tabulation3. plateau (noun) plateau; tableland; upland4. stay (verb) adjourn; defer; delay; hold off; hold up; lay over; pigeonhole; postpone; remit; shelve; stay; suspend; waiveАнтонимический ряд: -
7 controller
1) управляющее устройство, устройство управления2) контроллер, командоаппарат5) контрольно-измерительный прибор; контрольно-измерительное устройство•- AC controller
- adaptive controller
- adaptive variable structure controller
- adjustable controller
- adjustable-speed controller
- air-operated controller
- all-purpose controller
- analog-to-frequency controller
- area controller
- arm controller
- astatic controller
- automatic controller
- auxiliary controller
- axis controller
- behavior-based controller
- bubble memory controller
- bus-based controller
- camshaft controller
- cascade controller
- cell controller
- cell management controller
- center controller
- centering controller
- central controller
- central programmable controller
- CNC controller
- CNC/PC-backed controller
- combination controller
- communications capable controller
- compound controller
- computer-torque controller
- conductivity controller
- constant-pressure flow controller
- continuous controller
- continuous-action controller
- conventional CNC controller
- conventional numerical controller
- copy controller
- copying controller
- correlated controller
- cycle controller
- digital controller
- digital loop controller
- direct-acting controller
- discontinuous-action controller
- discrete action controller
- disk controller
- displacement controller
- distribution controller
- DNC controller
- draft controller
- dressing controller
- drum logic controller
- edge tracking controller
- elastic feedback controller
- electric contact controller
- electric controller
- electric hydraulic controller
- electromechanical controller
- electronic controller
- electropneumatic controller
- equipment level controller
- extremal controller
- factory automation controller
- feed controller
- feedback controller
- field controller
- finite-dimensional controller
- fixed-gain controller
- flexible automation controller
- flexible controller
- floating controller
- flow controller
- FMS cell controller
- FMS line controller
- follow-up controller
- freely programmable controller
- frequency controller
- gain controller
- gemdrive axis controller
- hardware controller
- hydraulic controller
- I/O controller
- IBM compatible controller
- inching controller
- indicating controller
- indirect action controller
- industrial sequence controller
- infinite-dimensional controller
- input/output controller
- integral controller
- interfaceable controller
- intermittent controller
- LAN controller
- limiting controller
- linear controller
- low-point speed controller
- machine controller
- machine tool controller
- management controller
- manual controller
- MAP/cell controller
- master controller
- master programmable controller
- material handling controller
- mechanically operated controller
- microcomputer controller
- microprocessor controller
- microprocessor-driven machine controller
- minimum error controller
- model reference adaptive process controller
- motion controller
- motor controller
- multiaction controller
- multichannel controller
- multiinput controller
- multilevel controller
- multimachine-tool controller
- multiposition controller
- multispeed controller
- multistep controller
- narrow-band controller
- NC controller
- network controller
- neural net controller
- numerical controller
- on-off controller
- open system controller
- open-cycle controller
- optimal controller
- optimizing peak-holding controller
- oscillating controller
- output sampling controller
- PC-backed controller
- pedestal controller
- Petri net controller
- photoelectric controller
- PID controller
- pilot-operated controller
- plugboard controller
- pneumatic controller
- pneumatic-hydraulic controller
- positioning controller
- power controller
- pressure controller
- probe controller
- process controller
- process cycle controller
- production controller
- production management controller
- professional graphics controller
- program controller
- programmable controller
- programmable CRT controller
- programmable industrial controller
- programmable interface controller
- programmable logic controller
- proportional action controller
- proportional controller with disturbance-variable compensation
- proportional controller
- proportional position action controller
- proportional-plus-derivative action controller
- proportional-plus-integral action controller
- proportional-plus-integral-plus-derivative controller
- protocol controller
- pulse controller
- PWM controller
- ratio controller
- relay controller
- remote controller
- rigid feedback controller
- robot arm controller
- robot cell controller
- robot/workcenter controller
- rotary and tilt controller
- sampled-data controller
- sampling controller
- secondary controller
- self-acting controller
- self-actuated controller
- self-operated controller
- semiautomatic controller
- sequential controller
- servo controller
- shift controller
- single-duty controller
- single-variable controller
- small sequential controller
- software controller
- software-based controller
- speed controller
- static controller
- stepping controller
- strip-width controller
- supervisory controller
- system's central controller
- tape controller
- teach controller
- teaching controller
- temperature controller
- thermostatic controller
- tool life controller
- torque controller
- turning controller
- two-level controller
- two-position controller
- two-speed controller
- two-stage controller
- two-step controller
- valve controller
- variable feedback controller
- vise controller
- volume controller
- wide-band controller
- wide-range controller
- workstation controllerEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > controller
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8 test
test [test]test ⇒ 1 (a)-(e) contrôle ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (c) examen ⇒ 1 (b) tester ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (c) analyser ⇒ 3 (b), 3 (f) examiner ⇒ 3 (b) essayer ⇒ 3 (c) vérifier ⇒ 3 (d) contrôler ⇒ 3 (d) mesurer ⇒ 3 (e) évaluer ⇒ 3 (e) éprouver ⇒ 3 (g)1 noun∎ to pass a test réussir à un examen;∎ biology test interrogation f de biologie;∎ to sit or to take a test passer un examen;∎ general knowledge test test m de culture générale;∎ I'm taking my (driving) test tomorrow je passe mon permis (de conduire) demain;∎ did you pass your (driving) test? avez-vous été reçu au permis (de conduire)?∎ to undergo tests subir des tests ou examens;∎ to have a blood test faire faire une analyse de sang;∎ to have an eye test se faire examiner la vue;∎ the lab did a test for salmonella le laboratoire a fait une analyse pour détecter la présence de salmonelles(c) (trial → of equipment, machine) test m, essai m, épreuve f; (→ of quality) contrôle m; Marketing (→ of reaction, popularity) évaluation f;∎ to carry out tests on sth effectuer des tests sur qch;∎ all new drugs undergo clinical tests tous les nouveaux médicaments subissent des tests cliniques;∎ a test for noise levels un contrôle des niveaux sonores;∎ to be on test être testé ou à l'essai;∎ to put sth to the test tester qch, faire l'essai de qch(d) (of character, endurance, resolve) test m;∎ a good test of character un bon test de personnalité, un bon moyen de tester la personnalité;∎ to put sb to the test éprouver qn, mettre qn à l'épreuve;∎ his courage was really put to the test son courage fut sérieusement mis à l'épreuve ou éprouvé;∎ it's the first major test for the Prime Minister c'est la première fois que le Premier ministre est réellement mis à l'épreuve;∎ to stand the test se montrer à la hauteur;∎ also figurative test of strength épreuve f de force;∎ to stand the test of time durer, résister à l'épreuve du temps;∎ her books have certainly stood the test of time ses livres n'ont pas pris une ride∎ it's a test of union solidarity c'est un test de la solidarité syndicale;∎ it will be a test of popularity for the new leader ce sera un test de popularité pour le nouveau dirigeant;∎ the by-election will be a good test of public opinion l'élection partielle représentera un bon test de l'opinion publiqued'essai(a) (examine → ability, knowledge, intelligence) tester, mesurer; School (→ pupils) tester, contrôler les connaissances de;∎ we were tested in geography nous avons eu un contrôle de géographie;∎ she was tested on her knowledge of plants on a testé ou vérifié ses connaissances botaniques∎ to have one's eyes tested se faire examiner la vue;∎ figurative you need your eyes tested or British testing! il faut mettre des lunettes!;∎ to test sb for AIDS faire subir le test de dépistage du sida à qn;∎ to test an athlete for steroids faire subir des tests à un athlète pour détecter l'usage de stéroïdes(c) (try out → prototype, car) essayer, faire l'essai de; (→ product) essayer; (→ weapon, procedure) tester; (→ drug) tester, expérimenter;∎ none of our products are tested on animals nos produits ne sont pas testés sur les animaux(d) (check → batteries, pressure, suspension) vérifier, contrôler∎ the day of action will test union solidarity la journée d'action permettra de mesurer ou d'évaluer la solidarité syndicale∎ the water was tested for phosphates on a analysé l'eau pour en déterminer le taux de phosphates;∎ to test food for starch rechercher la présence d'amidon dans les aliments;∎ figurative to test the water tâter le terrain(g) (tax → machinery, driver, patience) éprouver, mettre à l'épreuve;∎ to test sb to the limit pousser qn à bout ou à la dernière extrémité;∎ to test sb's patience to the limit mettre la patience de qn à rude épreuve∎ to test for salmonella faire une recherche de salmonelles;∎ to test for AIDS procéder à un test de dépistage du sida;∎ to test for the presence of gas rechercher la présence de gaz∎ she tested positive for AIDS son test de dépistage du sida s'est révélé positif∎ testing, testing! un, deux, trois!►► Law & History the Test Act = loi anglaise de 1673, abrogée en 1828, interdisant aux catholiques l'accès aux postes gouvernementaux et à la fonction de député;test area région f test;test ban interdiction f des essais nucléaires;test ban treaty traité m de prohibition des essais nucléaires;test bench banc m d'essai;British Television test card mire f;Law test case affaire f qui fait jurisprudence;∎ the trial has come to be regarded as a test case in environmental law ce procès a acquis force de précédent dans le domaine de la protection de l'environnement;∎ figurative doctors regard her experiences as a test case for some of their theories les médecins estiment que ses expériences vont leur permettre d'éprouver ou de mettre à l'épreuve certaines de leurs théories;test certificate certificat m d'essai;Television test chart mire f (de réglage);Marketing test city ville f test;test drive essai m sur route;∎ to go for a test drive essayer une voiture;Aviation test flight vol m d'essai;test market marché-test m, marché m témoin;British test match match m international, test-match m;American Television test pattern mire f (de réglage);Music test piece morceau m imposé ou de concours;test pilot pilote m d'essai;test run essai m;∎ to go for a test run faire un essai;test shot lancement m d'essai;test signal signal m de mesure;test site site m témoin;Cars test track piste f d'essai;test tube éprouvette f(a) (idea, theory) tester(b) (prototype, product) essayer, mettre à l'essai;∎ these products are tested out on animals ces produits sont testés sur les animaux -
9 Berliner, Emile
SUBJECT AREA: Recording[br]b. 20 May 1851 Hannover, Germanyd. 3 August 1929 Montreal, Canada[br]German (naturalized American) inventor, developer of the disc record and lateral mechanical replay.[br]After arriving in the USA in 1870 and becoming an American citizen, Berliner worked as a dry-goods clerk in Washington, DC, and for a period studied electricity at Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York. He invented an improved microphone and set up his own experimental laboratory in Washington, DC. He developed a microphone for telephone use and sold the rights to the Bell Telephone Company. Subsequently he was put in charge of their laboratory, remaining in that position for eight years. In 1881 Berliner, with his brothers Joseph and Jacob, founded the J.Berliner Telephonfabrik in Hanover, the first factory in Europe specializing in telephone equipment.Inspired by the development work performed by T.A. Edison and in the Volta Laboratory (see C.S. Tainter), he analysed the existing processes for recording and reproducing sound and in 1887 developed a process for transferring lateral undulations scratched in soot into an etched groove that would make a needle and diaphragm vibrate. Using what may be regarded as a combination of the Phonautograph of Léon Scott de Martinville and the photo-engraving suggested by Charles Cros, in May 1887 he thus demonstrated the practicability of the laterally recorded groove. He termed the apparatus "Gramophone". In November 1887 he applied the principle to a glass disc and obtained an inwardly spiralling, modulated groove in copper and zinc. In March 1888 he took the radical step of scratching the lateral vibrations directly onto a rotating zinc disc, the surface of which was protected, and the subsequent etching created the groove. Using well-known principles of printing-plate manufacture, he developed processes for duplication by making a negative mould from which positive copies could be pressed in a thermoplastic compound. Toy gramophones were manufactured in Germany from 1889 and from 1892–3 Berliner manufactured both records and gramophones in the USA. The gramophones were hand-cranked at first, but from 1896 were based on a new design by E.R. Johnson. In 1897–8 Berliner spread his activities to England and Germany, setting up a European pressing plant in the telephone factory in Hanover, and in 1899 a Canadian company was formed. Various court cases over patents removed Berliner from direct running of the reconstructed companies, but he retained a major economic interest in E.R. Johnson's Victor Talking Machine Company. In later years Berliner became interested in aeronautics, in particular the autogiro principle. Applied acoustics was a continued interest, and a tile for controlling the acoustics of large halls was successfully developed in the 1920s.[br]Bibliography16 May 1888, Journal of the Franklin Institute 125 (6) (Lecture of 16 May 1888) (Berliner's early appreciation of his own work).1914, Three Addresses, privately printed (a history of sound recording). US patent no. 372,786 (basic photo-engraving principle).US patent no. 382,790 (scratching and etching).US patent no. 534,543 (hand-cranked gramophone).Further ReadingR.Gelatt, 1977, The Fabulous Phonograph, London: Cassell (a well-researched history of reproducible sound which places Berliner's contribution in its correct perspective). J.R.Smart, 1985, "Emile Berliner and nineteenth-century disc recordings", in WonderfulInventions, ed. Iris Newson, Washington, DC: Library of Congress, pp. 346–59 (provides a reliable account).O.Read and W.L.Welch, 1959, From Tin Foil to Stereo, Indianapolis: Howard W.Sams, pp. 119–35 (provides a vivid account, albeit with less precision).GB-N -
10 Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 31 December 1888 Thizy, Rhône, Franced. 15 August 1960 Fontenoy-aux-Roses, France[br]French metallurgist, inventor of the alloys Elinvar and Platinite and of the method of strengthening nickel-chromium alloys by a precipitate ofNi3Al which provided the basis of all later super-alloy development.[br]Soon after graduating from the Ecole des Mines at St-Etienne in 1910, Chevenard joined the Société de Commentry Fourchambault et Decazeville at their steelworks at Imphy, where he remained for the whole of his career. Imphy had for some years specialized in the production of nickel steels. From this venture emerged the first austenitic nickel-chromium steel, containing 6 per cent chromium and 22–4 per cent nickel and produced commercially in 1895. Most of the alloys required by Guillaume in his search for the low-expansion alloy Invar were made at Imphy. At the Imphy Research Laboratory, established in 1911, Chevenard conducted research into the development of specialized nickel-based alloys. His first success followed from an observation that some of the ferro-nickels were free from the low-temperature brittleness exhibited by conventional steels. To satisfy the technical requirements of Georges Claude, the French cryogenic pioneer, Chevenard was then able in 1912 to develop an alloy containing 55–60 per cent nickel, 1–3 per cent manganese and 0.2–0.4 per cent carbon. This was ductile down to −190°C, at which temperature carbon steel was very brittle.By 1916 Elinvar, a nickel-iron-chromium alloy with an elastic modulus that did not vary appreciably with changes in ambient temperature, had been identified. This found extensive use in horology and instrument manufacture, and even for the production of high-quality tuning forks. Another very popular alloy was Platinite, which had the same coefficient of thermal expansion as platinum and soda glass. It was used in considerable quantities by incandescent-lamp manufacturers for lead-in wires. Other materials developed by Chevenard at this stage to satisfy the requirements of the electrical industry included resistance alloys, base-metal thermocouple combinations, magnetically soft high-permeability alloys, and nickel-aluminium permanent magnet steels of very high coercivity which greatly improved the power and reliability of car magnetos. Thermostatic bimetals of all varieties soon became an important branch of manufacture at Imphy.During the remainder of his career at Imphy, Chevenard brilliantly elaborated the work on nickel-chromium-tungsten alloys to make stronger pressure vessels for the Haber and other chemical processes. Another famous alloy that he developed, ATV, contained 35 per cent nickel and 11 per cent chromium and was free from the problem of stress-induced cracking in steam that had hitherto inhibited the development of high-power steam turbines. Between 1912 and 1917, Chevenard recognized the harmful effects of traces of carbon on this type of alloy, and in the immediate postwar years he found efficient methods of scavenging the residual carbon by controlled additions of reactive metals. This led to the development of a range of stabilized austenitic stainless steels which were free from the problems of intercrystalline corrosion and weld decay that then caused so much difficulty to the manufacturers of chemical plant.Chevenard soon concluded that only the nickel-chromium system could provide a satisfactory basis for the subsequent development of high-temperature alloys. The first published reference to the strengthening of such materials by additions of aluminium and/or titanium occurs in his UK patent of 1929. This strengthening approach was adopted in the later wartime development in Britain of the Nimonic series of alloys, all of which depended for their high-temperature strength upon the precipitated compound Ni3Al.In 1936 he was studying the effect of what is now known as "thermal fatigue", which contributes to the eventual failure of both gas and steam turbines. He then published details of equipment for assessing the susceptibility of nickel-chromium alloys to this type of breakdown by a process of repeated quenching. Around this time he began to make systematic use of the thermo-gravimetrie balance for high-temperature oxidation studies.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, Société de Physique. Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur.Bibliography1929, Analyse dilatométrique des matériaux, with a preface be C.E.Guillaume, Paris: Dunod (still regarded as the definitive work on this subject).The Dictionary of Scientific Biography lists around thirty of his more important publications between 1914 and 1943.Further Reading"Chevenard, a great French metallurgist", 1960, Acier Fins (Spec.) 36:92–100.L.Valluz, 1961, "Notice sur les travaux de Pierre Chevenard, 1888–1960", Paris: Institut de France, Académie des Sciences.ASDBiographical history of technology > Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre
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